Prestige Telephone Company Essay

PDS continuing to report operating losses due to some issues like delay of Equipment Deliveries, personnel commended higher salary than expected , Difficulties to find customers , Storage space which is used for keeping the equipment was high , high lease and equipment purchase cost , Limitation on service providing cost for parent company and charges which is given to the corporate service by the prestige Telephone Company . After analyzing the exhibits and the relation between the prestige telephone company and prestige data services I would recommend Mr. Rowe that Mr. Rowe should give some privilege to PDS in case of rent charges and the PTS should look over the facilities which provided by corporate services . PTC and PDS should manage their sales department together so it become easy for them to provide service to the clients in case of data maintaining, accounting so the individual cost will be limited. Secondly I would recommend Mr. Rowe regarding service providing hours as after analyzing the total revenue and total hours in report of first quarter there is a huge gap of hours in between these two’s If they plan to work around 550-600 hours in different shifts and maintenance of the computer is done on non-working days and utilize remaining hours for service providing they can increase their revenue hours per month. Regarding improved reporting / accounting format I would be preferring the graphical representation for revenue hours as it is easy to study graphically how many hours been actually utilize for intra company and for commercial purposes and on the other hand the financial report will be presented in percentage format as it will become easy to calculate some important figures and make some plan action upon that. As per the first quarter report on exhibit 1 the PDS showing some positive increment in their revenue hours as we compare month Jan and March this proves the company is efficient to provide good service as its bit difficult to get such a result at initial stages. So after seen such a improvement the company should get some more period of time to improve his performance and meet the revenue hours with total hours . And as the PDS is the parent company they should give some costing privilege in below cases they may overcome some losses in which they are invested in different sections like rent of the storage space and salary issues to the personnel and at other hand as the PDS is not in a public sector so they can increase their service charges and make some profit through it by providing efficient service to the clients .

Education And Capitalism

Max Weber was a German sociologist and economist who contributed very much on economic and quite a durable and brilliant work on administrative system. Maxweber tried to provide ways to the people through which they could avoid oppression by suggesting ways and means like inciting people to encourage others to work hard and develop enterprises as well as making investments. This could enable them to grow economically. He also established theories like bureaucracy that addressed to better administrative methods that involved no authoritarianism. Capitalism. This can be defined as a means through which economic relations involving production means are organized. These may include enterprises, firms, knowledge or factories. A theory is a systematic organized knowledge as thought that explains some phenomena. It is an endeavour to understand each and a rational explanation of how something is put together or why it works and why it works that way. An idea is a concept, notion that one has on something. Capitalism according to Weber came into existence when the Protestants put influence on so many people to get motivated in working and work hard, developing so many big and prosperous enterprises. They also encouraged the people to participate largely in trade and make savings for investment. I also suppose that availability of free markets and opportunities for innovation are guaranteed. This essay is going to express the theories and ideas that were manifested on education and capitalism by Max Weber. Discussion. Max Weber suggested that strength of capitalism in a country or state is determined mainly by the power manifested by the country or state. This means that more powerful countries have stronger controls over their education and hence their education systems are well established and very worth. They also have a wide control over their worker regulations and therefore in relation to education, educational staff is well treated and motivation is ensured. This leads to improvement in education. According to Weber, capitalism evolved when the protestant ethnic influenced large numbers of people to engage in work in the secular world, developing their own enterprises and engaging in trade and the accumulation of wealth for investment. If a few become systematic in pursuit of money, others will end up as their employees. Max Weber’s theory of capitalism being a very strong tool used by the people to develop economically as well as socially has a very strong influence on education. This is related in that more educational institutions will be established in line with strong and stable economy. In addition, more people will be able to access education and this result to a more learned society where technology and innovation will be in abundant. Max Weber’s idea that bureaucracy should be ended in firms and such as industries and educational institutions that impacted a lot on education. Workers in educational institutions could now work freely without intimidation and even merit was employed in employment. Max Weber also is for the idea that capitalism in a major power system that any society or organization adapts. When adapted by a school which is an organization, a lot of activities like research and teaching will be on their way up. The capitalists also have a strong influence on the government and funding will be provided to the learning institutions. Funding to research activities will also be possible and hence growth in the learning institutions will be experienced. According to Max Weber’s ideas, capitalists were very hardworking people committed to seeing growth in economy and investing widely. Job opportunities were thus provided to those who acquired education and this led to very fast growth of learning institutions, both lower and higher. Generally, Max Weber’s ideas and theories have revealed that capitalism had many positive outcomes on education. The fact that it involved strong education to working hard towards economic and social growth, suggests that a strong base was built for development of education. Through establishment of strong economic base, it has been established that funding to the educational institutions was easy and this enabled conducting of researches building of learning resources like laboratories and acquisitions of learning materials to be very easy (Weber, 1978). He also goes further to address on the social, political and economic functions that resulted as evidenced in the increasing sense of conflict between individuals and organizations like schools. He used bureaucracy theory to do this and this led to a fairer, more impartial, more predictable, more rational and orderly organizational systems (Whimster, Sam, & Lash, 1987). The workers in the educational systems could now be comfortable in their work. Authoritarianism in the capitalistic institutions was very much avoided. For a state or country that has a very strong capitalism, it has been established that their education background and development is quite easy since financial support is readily available. Mawebers theories and ideas on education and capitalism are still relevant to presently society. This is evidenced by the fact that those countries and states that have a strong economic growth are the ones likely to have prospered well in education. This is depicted in the technologies and innovations that are available in a country or a state (Political Writings, 1994). However, this does not lock out those developing countries. Capitalism is still taking effect in this countries and education on way up. This suggests that at one point t, these countries will be well established and education systems and background will be strong. Capitalism is a very strong tool in every society and it is this capitalist that influences the formation of policies and rules in any organization, institutions like schools as well as the entire governments. (Joseph, & Jonathan (2003). They do this in capacity of politicians in the presently society making laws, policies and implementation still have a very strong influence from the politicians. Capitalism according to Maweber led to a strong economic base, which saw establishment of so many business enterprises and organizations. This led to increases need for labour and as a result many people had to provide labour in the enterprises something, which led to most people dropping their education. This is a negative effect of capitalism on education. Capitalisms also according to Maxweber insisted on division of labor (Runciman, 1972). This led to participation of the workers and consequently decline in performance. Conclusion. Capitalism as have been found out had and still has a very strong impact on education. Through capitalization, education finds a very strong base on which it grows to reach most of the people. This is ensured by strong economic ground that capitalism establishes whereby people as a result can access all the requirements necessary for acquiring education. Resources like learning materials are easily available and also schools and other learning institutions are widely established. Through capitalism, education is able to thrive very well and this means that people get educated which can be explained in terms of technological advancement of a country or state. This educated people will be able to discover new things through conducting researches as well as innovating new ideologies. Capitalism has also contributed to job opportunities through education. For example people learn new ideas and ways of doing things from maybe industries or other business enterprises. Those who pass knowledge to these people are themselves employees of these organizations and have acquired their jobs through intensified capitalism. Although capitalism somehow affected education earlier in that most people ended into providing labour in developing enterprises and industries failing to access education, the positive impacts are much more. Capitalism thus have a very great positive impact on education.

Pressure on Teens

Media’s Pressure on Teens Millions of boys and girls all over the U. S. get up every morning and step in front of their mirror to ask one question. The question crossing minds at that moment is â€Å"Does this look cool? † Oddly enough, to most teens in America, they are not meeting the standard set by their peers and the press. Teens base their styles, attitudes and ideas of what they see, hear and read which creates huge problems elsewhere. These problems can occur in the way teens treat others and the way they treat themselves. American teens and adults have yet to look past all the flashy clothing and make-up to understand what is actually being sold and how it can affect people in a terribly negative way. From my experience as a teen, I have seen my peers change to fit the latest fads and understand the weak points of teenagers. I have therefore concluded, the four strongest influences on teens from the media are the correlations from fashion and music to â€Å"self-identity†, showing teens how to think, talk, and feel, the selling of images not products, and body and physical issues. For most people, adolescence was a time of truth and realization or â€Å"finding yourself†. Well, it is good to know things have not changed, because young adults these days feel the same way. But for teens today, they only find out what and who the media wants them to be. The interests of teenagers are derived from music and television. If someone hears a band on the radio and people around them say the band is â€Å"sick† and â€Å" way cool† the person will believe it despite whether or not the music is trash. It all begins here. The links between music and finding your place at school or in a community are so incredibly strong teens base their outlook toward life and others on them. The connection between music and finding â€Å"who you are† is only the tip on the huge, esteem-eating, merciless iceberg of the media. Teens find ways to deal with life’s challenges by talking, thinking and feeling like the TV, music and modeling stars that they hear and see everyday. The shows and programs the majority of young adults watch are based on teenagers as well. Therefore, the viewers intentionally, or unintentionally, pick up habits their star has. For example, if a boy was suddenly introduced to the â€Å"wonderful and inspiring† music of the guitar thrashing band Metallica, he might begin to wear dark colors such as red and black that are often featured in the band’s music videos Most importantly, as it usually plays out, he would consider anyone who doesn’t listen to Metallica to be a brainless idiot with no taste in music. At this point in the youth’s life, prejudice and dislike of others based on style preferences rears its head and breaks loose from it confinements. Cliques are formed and members are selected and rejected. This leads to problems for those who are rejected and once again they feel they can never be as good as had been expected. Suppose someone was channel surfing and stumbled upon a car add. The model of car that is being sold is irrelevant, but what is going on around the car is what the company is trying to sell. The person who is watching believes the advertisement is for a product when in fact it is an image that is being sold. Confusing right? Explanations are close at hand. In the car add mentioned before (perhaps the car is a small Toyota Corolla) the colors are bright and vibrant; a young couple is sitting in the front seats of the car with their windows down, enjoying the fresh autumn air. Notice that when the voiceover is speaking of low APR financing until 2004, the young couple is smiling like there is no tomorrow. They glance each other lovingly as shadows whisk playfully over the windshield of the glittering car. This appeals to almost anyone, but for a girl who is looking for a cheap and comfortable car, this is the perfect sales pitch. Or perhaps the car is a Ford truck. Already the name sticks in the viewers mind but the video clips of buff men and rugged trips to the desert to rock climb convince them they need the truck. If the viewer can’t have the product, whether it be lip-gloss, a new car, a prom dress or even a new hairstyle, their self-esteem plummets. They begin to feel they are not capable of being so cool. One must keep in mind that the companies that are advertising are not selling a product, but an image that you will get when you go for this great, once-in-a-life-time offer. The last and most dangerous result of influence by the media is bulimia and anorexia nervosa. A simple stereotype must be cleared up before this essay goes any further. If a common businessman were asked about anorexia nervosa or bulimia, it is almost certain that he would say that it occurs only in women. What this common businessman doesn’t know, along with most of America’s public, is these diseases do occur in boys and men. When striving to meet that ideal weight to height ratio men will fast. They will continue to use that exercise plan they were been told was used by Arnold Schwarzenegger and eventually their body begins to feed of its own muscle because it has no nutrients. Once someone gets stuck in a routine of that sort they will have trouble quitting. For women, the cases are different but still maintain the idea of starving themselves to reach that slim and elegant look that so many stars and models seen in magazines have. For someone who has anorexia nervosa, every time they look in the mirror they see a huge and grotesque figure staring back. They are most certainly not over weight but their brain believes what it sees. Once again, people should be taught to look past all the fraud that is flashing in front of them and make good decisions based on reality. So next time an ad flashes onto the TV screen think of all the things really being sold and how to approach them correctly. To stand out in a crowd and be individual one must have a crowd and telling people they are idiots because they do not listen to Metallica is no way to attract a group. The diseases anorexia nervosa and bulimia are triggered by people wanting to be like those skinny, spindly women who strut around on cat walks showing off pieces of iridescent cloth draped about them. â€Å"Why? Why would someone want to be like that? one may ask, well, the truth is that these teenagers do not know who to follow or what to do. They see the media; they see companies telling them â€Å"This is hot! You need this to be cool! † and the viewers do not see what is happening to their own bodies, what is happening to others around them, what the consequences of their decision will be. If one fails to see behind the razzle and dazzle of the media they will be trapped in a cage of false faces and feelings; trapped in the mad â€Å"fun-house of fashion and fraud. †

Serving Customers in Global Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Serving Customers in Global Markets - Essay Example Laughter, fear, sadness, desire, and inspiration are just some of the many emotions TV induces in viewers. TV reaches millions of people worldwide, is affordable, and combines audio and visual power to create the ultimate advertising machine. Below is a screenshot of a TV advert: Website advertising uses the power of the internet to convey the intended messages to consumers. With increased internet penetration and the expansion of the â€Å"internet generation,’ website advertising is giving TV a run for its money (Aalberts & Nill, 2012:97). In fact, website advertising is currently the second-most powerful advertising media in the world, in terms of revenue and reach. Just like TV, when used correctly, website advertising can trigger different emotions in consumers and capture their attention (Barry, 2012:37). These facts make these two media the best options for discussion in this paper. Below is an image of a website advert: Understanding consumers’ psychology provides marketers and manufacturers with knowledge of consumer preferences and spending habits. The clichà © saying, ‘customer is king† rings true in this case (Proulx & Shepatin, 2012:58). Understanding consumers’ psychology supports selling products or services that are almost guaranteed to be successful. Studies have shown that marketing expenses, marketing risks and failure of products or services are reduced when consumer psychology is understood. The message the advertiser wishes to communicate in the TV advert is that the new song is exclusive, it is affordable, and it comes with other incentives that the viewer will not get elsewhere. In the website advert, Dolan Jewellers wants the consumer to know that they have a moving sale, there are special offers, and time is running out for those who have not bought anything yet. Research has shown that emotional and psychological messages resonate more with customers than feature and

Personal Development Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Development Planning - Essay Example PDP accommodates a number of approaches towards learning that link planning (the individual’s purposes and goals for accomplishments and learning) and recording (these are experiences, ideas and thoughts that assist the individual to comprehend and evidence the outcomes and process of learning). PDP also links reflection (analysis and evaluation of experiences and the outcomes of learning) and doing (making the actions straight with the intentions) (The Higher Education Academy 2011). List and Schedule of Accessing Readily Accessible Data on the Current Job and Career A personal professional development plan contains three main components and they include pathways, goals and the portfolio (Boreen, Johnson, and Niday 2009, p144). In personal development planning, a portfolio can be used in learning. Thus, a portfolio of learning is concerned with the evidence that learning took place. In other words, it is a physical proof that the learning process took place (Attwood and While 2000, p10). The professional model focuses on the improvement of a particular professional linked with employability in that particular field (Bradley and Clegg 2006, p64). Some of the information or data that can be readily accessed regarding an individual’s current job role and career include job descriptions, person specifications, list of competencies, company literature, professional literature, relevant websites, company, government, news media and others. These data describe the individual and they are the basis for professional development and acquiring professional identity. In other words, they describe the person in full both in academic and non-academic terms. It is a holistic view of the individual and this is what constitutes personal development planning. A List of Academic Journals and Books Source: Bradley, S. & Clegg, S. (2006) Models of personal development planning: Practice and processes. British Educational Research Journal, 32(1), pp57-76. The focus of the journal is on the models of personal development planning. The academic journal offers models that can be used for personal development planning; three models are given and they are academic, employment and professional models. These models are important in developing and enhancing personal development. Thus, in this study, the academic journal will be vital in providing information concerning personal development planning. Source: Boreen, J., Johnson, M. K. & Niday, D. (2009) Mentoring beginning teachers: Guiding, reflecting, coaching, Stenhouse Publishers. The core focus of the book is mentoring beginning teachers and one of the steps used here to mentor them is personal development planning. In regard to personal development planning, the book specifically focuses on individual professional development plan. This section provides beginning teachers with detailed information of how they can become professional teachers. In other words, it offers the current picture of the tea chers (as beginners) and what they aspire to be (that is, professional teachers). Thus, the book is essential for this study. Source: Attwood, M. & While, R. (2000) Professional development: A guide for general practice, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. The theme of the book is professional development for individuals in the general practice. Personal development planning has been elaborated in this book concerning professionals in the general

Rural Delivery Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rural Delivery Journal - Essay Example My town is a small community at the base of a mountain range. Most residents of the community have lived in the area for multiple generations. My family has lived there for four generations, essentially the entire time since our ancestors immigrated to America. There is a single convenience store that serves the community. It sells gas and grocery items. The only other commercial/industrial building is the post office that serves the community. The post office is a remnant left from when the community was a railroad stop in the late 1800s. Regarding roads, there is an equal mixture of asphalt and gravel roads. No road is over two lanes, and it takes a journey to get to an interstate. Culturally, the community is very homogenous. The people are largely white and work in agriculture or blue collar manufacturing. Those with college degrees are few and far between. In fact, a college degree marks one as an outsider and as a â€Å"city boy† or â€Å"city girl.† Politically, the people are divided between Democrat and Republican. The older residents are almost all Democrat because they believe that Hoover led them to the Great Depression, and Hoover was a Republican. Almost all of the younger residents are Republican because they value the right to bear arms and other conservative values. In addition, most people are religious, and the majority religion is Baptist. John Q. Student Professor Doe English 344 8 May 2000 â€Å"Fish Cheeks† Journal I sympathize with how Tan felt at the Thanksgiving dinner. It is very difficult to be different from the norm. I have social phobia, and I am always very aware and self-conscious in social situations. Though I know that it is irrational, I feel like everyone is always watching me and judging me. I am sure that Tan felt that way for much of her life. I also am familiar with the situation that Tan is describing. I grew up in a very rural community. My parents, whom I love greatly, are not very educated and en joy the simple country life. I have always been different. I excelled in school and am enjoying college as well. But, every time I bring someone from college home, I feel very self-conscious. Since most of the people I attend college with are from middle-class suburban or urban families, I don’t feel like they can understand my family. My parents’ grammar and topics of conversation are sometimes embarrassing. Like Tan, however, I am very proud of my family. I have skills and knowledge that many people I attend college with will never have. I can both hoe a row of corn and write an essay with equal skill. John Q. Student Professor Doe English 344 8 May 2000 â€Å"Mary Ellen’s Story† Journal The fact that three children die every day in the United States due to abuse is a startling and unforgivable statistic. As to why a parent would intentionally harm a child, I cannot think of any reasonable rationale. I understand that some parents are abused and then ab use their children. I also know that children can test the nerve of the parent to a great degree. However, there is never an excuse for abuse. I have a good explanation for the reason that child abuse goes unreported. Contemporary American society emphasizes the individual. Our society believes that the individual is the most important element. There is no concept of society as an organism in itself. The result of this belief is unfortunate. For instance, there are no laws protecting Good Samaritans in America. A person who

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 27

Leadership - Essay Example This action was obviously unfair and created low morale that significantly affected job satisfaction, motivation, productivity and performance of the greater number of personnel employed by the organization. The authoritarian leader exemplifies an autocratic style of leadership where the leader relies primarily on their manifested power and authority within the organization to get things done. An example is a leader in a manufacturing company who dictates to the followers the activities and strategies that are to be done and implemented in ways that have been clearly and explicitly defined by the leader. The participative leader, on the other hand, encourages team work, participation and collaboration among members of the organization, whose contributions are seen as instrumental in achieving identified goals. Using the manufacturing organization as an example, the participative leader would solicit inputs and comments from his subordinates in process or operations that could be improved based on the professional opinion of his colleagues. (materials, man, money) are owned by the organization and their roles as leaders is to be manage, govern, administer effective utilization of these resources to maximize potentials and to minimize costs. An example of this style of leadership is one who looks after all the resources of the organization and, as entrusted by the owners, the leader sees to it that potentials for utilization of these resources are optimized and maximized to generate the most effective profits with the least costs. Finally, servant leadership was premised on putting all other facets of the organization first rather than his own. An example is a leader who â€Å"devote themselves to serving the needs of organization members, focus on meeting the needs of those they lead, develop employees to bring out the best in them, coach others and encourage their self-expression, facilitate personal growth in

Liberal Ideology and Classical Liberalism Essay

Liberal Ideology and Classical Liberalism - Essay Example Classical Liberalism may be defined, as â€Å"a political philosophy laying strong emphasis on individual rights with minimal government intervention† (Urban Dictionary). It also advocates for free trade economy, open borders and segregation of roles of the state and church. Classical Liberalism also favors government dis-involvement and non-intervention in property or business rights, social matters and choice of association based on the notion that individuals have rights in addition to the rights granted to them by the state.Whereas, the definition of Modern Liberalism would be,† the positive and increased role of the state or the regulatory authority to protect the rights of an individual, thus advocating equality, justice, fair play and positive freedom in a welfare society†(J.M. Keynes). The state intervention allows fair distribution of resources, rewards and punishments and equality in a society.Despite the fact that Classical Liberalism and Modern Liberali sm are two entirely different political concepts, the two have some parallels amongst them. Although there is rigorous competition between the two, bringing to light some clear differences, there is a visible overlap when considering the basis of ideology of liberalism. There are some parallel key concepts regarding this theory.First of all, both branches stress upon the importance and necessity of state to monitor and regularize affairs of a society. Both consider that without the existence of a state, rights of individuals in a society will not be protected. A state is needed so that individual rights are not trampled upon by others through stealing. The presence and intervention of a state provides a leveled playground to all with the state acting as referee ensuring that all players are guaranteed fair play, and equal opportunity in a healthy and positive competitive environment. The state acts as a restraining power to the egos of individuals so that the social contract among i ndividuals is honored. Lack of established authority in a society might result in indulgence in destructive unrestrained freedom. The state is given the rights and powers of intervention through constitution and democracy (Jess Atkins 2013). Another key aspect that both viewpoints share is the importance of individual. They commonly stress upon rights, safety, well being and guidance of an individual in a society. Natural rights of an individual form

Research on Occupy Movement Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

On Occupy Movement - Research Paper Example Various well known scholars joined in the movement such as Peter Funke, Harry Vanden, Ednie Garrison and Robert Benford among others. The Wall Street became a part of this movement as the organizations located in this financial district played an important part in the economic crisis of 2008 which marked the Great Recession. The protest is mainly against the richer section of the society. The movement mainly focuses on the slogan, â€Å"We are the 99%†, which refers to the growing disparity of wealth in the society in between the richer section of 1% and the rest 99% of the population. Moreover, they are continuously enhancing their income rates as compared to the remaining 99%. Thus, the 1% population holding the 99% of income and wealth are enjoying a much lavish lifestyle whereas the living standard of 99% populace is declining (Melendez, â€Å"Professors Dissect Occupy Movement†). In addition, the great recession increased the gap between the rich and the poor secti ons. The 99% of the population faced numerous problems such as unemployment in spite of having quality degree along with inequality, wage difference and poverty among others. The government of America was neither fair nor sympathetic towards the 99% population of the society. ... The protests are mainly due to the inequality, unemployment, low wage, financial crisis and problems related with basic needs such as food, shelter and health care among others, which are not realized by the richer section. Therefore, the wealthier section of the society is increasing their income rates along with the wealth and thus relishing their lives with great pleasure. On the other side, the poorer section has been the main victim of these circumstances, which is acting as a curse in their life (Hertzberg, â€Å"Occupational Hazards†). Argument and Discussion The occupy movement is the enduring gripe against the gap among the 1% and the 99% populace of America. The protest has spread in various places throughout the world very rapidly and has drawn in not only the scholars but also the students and general individuals as well. The movement included a slogan, which focused mainly on the growing  indifference  in the society. The movement highlights the discrepancies such as unemployment, low wages, inequalities, economic migrants, financial crisis as well as problems related to primary needs such as food, shelter and health care. The slogan states that the 99% of the population is enduring the pain of lower financial stability as compared to richer individuals. Thus, the problem of unemployment is increasing among the 99% of the general population (Hertzberg, â€Å"Occupational Hazards†). Moreover, they are also facing the problem of unemployment due to recession and economic changes as well. Due to these problems the 99% populations are becoming much poorer as compared to the rest 1% of the society. Similarly, on the other side, the 1% of the remaining population is doubling their income rates along with the wealth and

Predicate Devices for Medical Stent Essay Example for Free

Predicate Devices for Medical Stent Essay Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System PREDICATE DEVICES:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cordis ® Corporation, ATWTM Marker Wire Steerable Guidewire, K994358  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lake Region Manufacturing, Inc., Coronary, Peripheral and Renal Steerable Hydrophilic Guidewire, K042338  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   EV3 ® Inc., Nitrex ® Guidewire, K031864  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   BioSphere Medical, Inc., Sequitor TM Steerable Guidewire, K061171 PORGESâ„ ¢ Silicone double loop ureteral stent PREDICATE DEVICES:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PORGES ureteral stent from BIVONA  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   VORTEKâ„ ¢ and BIOSOFTâ„ ¢ ureteral double loop stents Description of Device The Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System is a medical grade, disposable guidewire system. The product will be used in coronary and renal stenting procedures. The product is provided sterile and intended for single use. This finished product will be compatible with 6, 7 and 8 French catheters. The PORGESâ„ ¢ Silicone double loop ureteral stents are supplied in kits containing the following: 1. A double loop ureteral stent and an obturator; 2. A guide-wire, where applicable; Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3 3. A pusher (where applicable supplied with a clamp) The ureteral stent kits are supplied sterile and for single use only. Functional Components Medical grade, disposable guidewire system. The product is provided sterile and intended for single use. This finished product will be compatible with 6, 7 and 8 French catheters. A double loop ureteral stent and an obturator; A guide-wire, where applicable; and, A pusher (where applicable supplied with a clamp) Principle of Operation The Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System will be used by interventional cardiologists and interventional radiologists to ensure precise stent implantation in aorta-ostial procedures. This is a double loop ureteral stent for use in the drainage of the upper urinary tract over fistulas or ureteral obstructions (e.g. periureteral tumour; cicatrisation stent; management of ureteral stenoses; partial enlargement of the diameter: localized stenoses connected with ureteropelvic junction; and, total enlargement of the diameter: stenoses over all or part of the ureter. Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4 Properties of Device Relevant to Diagnosis/Treatment/ Prevention/ Cure/ Mitigation of Condition The device is a medical grade, disposable guidewire system This finished product will be compatible with 6, 7 and 8 French catheters. The product will be used in coronary and renal stenting procedures. The catheter is manufactured entirely from silicone elastomer. The ureteral stents are made of the same yellow silicone tubing as the predicate silicone ureteral stent. They are steerable or non-steerable, and radiopaque. Renal and vesical loops may be either closed or open. The straight section may be totally or partially reinforced. The eyes are lateral and staggered and are situated every 2 cm along the entire length of the stent (except for the no eye on the straight section version). The ureteral stents have either a fixed core guide-wire, a movable core guide-wire or no guide-wire,depending upon the method of use. The steerable ureteral stents have connectable pushers, and non-steerable stents have simple pushers. All these properties are relevant for its intended use as specified below. Definition of Intended Use The Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System is intended for use in aorta-ostial procedures to introduce and position catheters, stents and other interventional devices within the coronary and peripheral vasculature. In addition, the Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System is intended to facilitate the alignment of interventional devices and function as an alignment tool. Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 The PORGESâ„ ¢ Silicone double loop ureteral stent is intended for the exact same use as the current PORGES ureteral stent (K881744) and VORTEKâ„ ¢ and BIOSOFTâ„ ¢ ureteral double loop stents (K981591). The PORGESâ„ ¢ Silicone double loop ureteral stent is used for: A. Standard versions: 1. Drainage of the upper urinary tract over fistulas or ureteral obstructions (e.g. periureteral tumour 2. Cicatrisation stent B. Reinforced versions: 1. Management of ureteral stenoses 2. Partial enlargement of the diameter: localized stenoses connected with ureteropelvic junction 3. Total enlargement of the diameter; stenoses over all or part of the ureter. Comparison to â€Å"Substantially Equivalent† Device The indications for use for the predicate devices are substantially equivalent to the proposed indications for use for the Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System. The technological characteristics for the Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System are also substantially equivalent to the predicate devices. Any differences in the technological characteristics between the devices do not raise any new issues of safety or efficacy. Thus, the Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System is substantially equivalent to the predicate devices. Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6 Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6 The PORGESâ„ ¢ Silicone double loop ureteral stent has similar technological and performance characteristics to the predicate devices. The catheter is manufactured entirely from silicone elastomer as for the predicate devices. The ureteral stents are made of the same yellow silicone tubing as the predicate silicone ureteral stent. They are steerable or non-steerable, and radiopaque. Safety and Effectiveness Summary The safety of the Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System was evaluated through design verification testing, biocompatibility testing and preclinical animal testing. The collective results have demonstrated that the Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System is safe and is substantially equivalent to the respective predicate devices with regard to safety and efficacy. Any differences in technological characteristics between the Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System and the predicate devices do not raise any new issues of safety or efficacy. The PORGESâ„ ¢ Silicone double loop ureteral stent   is held to the same design, manufacture, and performance specifications as the predicate devices. Substantial equivalence of the devices with the VORTEKâ„ ¢ and BIOSOFTâ„ ¢ ureteral double loop stents (K981591) with respect to functional performance has been demonstrated in conformity with the FDA Guidance for the content of premarket notifications for ureteral stents dated February 10th, 1993. Where available, standard specifications are used Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7 to establish test methods. Tests are conducted in conditions similar to most unfavorable conditions of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7 medical/surgical practice. The following tests have been performed : 1. Flow rate through the stent; 2. Elongation and tensile strength of the stent after a 18 month soaking period in different buffer solutions; 3. Loop strength The PORGESâ„ ¢ Silicone double loop ureteral stent passes biocompatibilityt esting per IS0 10993-1. The data currently available for the silicone stents enables them to be validated for an implantation period of up to 12 Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   8 months. The decision to leave the withdrawal wire in place on the stent must be taken in relation to the planned implantation period. Periodic examinations via radiographic and/or cystoscopic means are recommended to evaluate stent efficiency and to observe for possible complications. The stent must be replaced if encrustation hampers drainage, if there is indication of infection in the area of the stentor in case of migration or rupture. Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   9 References 510(k) Summary. 510(k) Notification K062192. 510(k) Premarket Notification. (2007).    Retrieved March 23, 2008, from Ostial Solutions, LLC.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/pdf6/K062192.pdf Section J: 51O(k) Summary. PORGESâ„ ¢ Silicone double loop ureteral stent 510(k)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   submission. (2002). Retrieved March 23, 2008.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://69.20.19.211/cdrh/pdf/k013921.pdf

Thomas Hardy Country Complex And Pessimistic Fatalism English Literature Essay

Thomas Hardy Country Complex And Pessimistic Fatalism English Literature Essay Thomas Hardy was born on June 2, 1840, in Upper Bockhampton, not far from Dorchester, in Dorsetshire, southern England. The son of Thomas Hardy, a master mason or building contractor, and Jemima Hand, a woman of some literary interests. Hardys formal education consisted of about eight years in local schools. He was bright enough so that, by this time, hed read a good deal in English, French, and Latin on his own. Later, in London, he made his own rather careful study of painting and English poetry. He was also interested in music and learned to play the violin. At the age of sixteen, he was apprenticed to an architect in Dorchester and remained in that profession, later in London and then again in Dorchester, for almost twenty years. Most of his novels are based on his hometown Dorset and Dorchester areas as the background. His hometown is a far away from industrial civilization, maintaining the traditional patriarchal village, surrounded by leafy woodland and heather moors. Due to his deep attachment to nature, Hardy often with his father goes into the wilderness, holding a special feeling for nature, namely, sense of beauty, mystery, fear and poetry. Hardys family has a favorite musical tradition. Hardys grandfather was a cellist in the church; Hardys father and uncle are also members of the music team. Under the guidance of his father, Hardy began learning to play the violin, cultivating an extraordinary music savvy for him. This is reason that Hardys works have a strong aesthetic attitude. Born in a farm family, Hardys mother was well-educated, had a higher appreciation of literature, and often told stories to him. These feelings have permeated all of Hardy later creation, and underlay a major feature of his creation. His family education, upbringing circumstance and his own experience formed his countryside complex. Hardys development of thought has gone through a responsible process: from belief in God to abandon; at the very beginning he was influenced by the Darwinian theory of evolution and Spencers Social Darwinism, and later by Arthur Schopenhauers theory of the internal willpower, and finally formed his own theory of evolution and social good deeds of goodness. Hardy was in British alternative period of industrialization and commercialization, when tranquil and idyllic countryside was suffering from continuous destruction. Emotionally Hardy can not understand this, let alone accept it; but intellectually, he realizes that it was the inevitability of social development. Hardy applied romantic nostalgia strokes to depict an infinite natural beauty of countryside, resulting in a melancholy sadness Hardy-style literature. The friction between sense and sensibility resulted in Hardy-style fatalism-pessimistic fatalism. The melancholy atmosphere of tragic fate hangs over Hardys novels, and with its rich sense of historical responsibility hardy inventively shows the erosion of the old patriarchal rural areas by Western modern industrial civilization in Britain represented by Wessex in his novels and the tragic fate of the peasant class in the process of social development. Objectively he attacked and criticized ruthlessly the ugly and evil society, but subjectively, Hardy felt depressed and confused with the alien force of modern civilization. Therefore, his philosophy failed in explaining the tragedy of the protagonists in his novels , like the ancient Greek tragedian can not figure out a solution for the mystery of life, he imagined that there is a majestic power in the world, thus formed his famous pessimistic fatalism. 1.2 summary of the return of the native Traditional description of the Western landscape is about idyllic environment, respecting the natural beauty or sometimes sentimental charm, but, in general, the tone is relaxed and lively, fulls of romantic and melancholy colors, this scene description of anti-traditional literary throw a strong contrast between countryside and urban area. In writing most of his novels, Hardy worked out the details of time and geography he wanted to use with great care. Almost every novel is, therefore, located in a specific, mapped-out area of Wessex and covers a specified period of time. The Return of the Native covers the period 1842-43 and is set on Puddletown Heath (called Egdon Heath in the novel), on which Upper Bockhampton is situated. This novel also reveals a side of Hardys authorship for which he has been taken to task by critics. In response to requests from readers of the novel in serial form, he added a sixth book to the original five to give his story a happier ending. He says in a note to the novel that the reader can choose which of the two endings he prefers but that the rigorous reader will probably favor the original conception. Hardy classified the return to the native as a novel of character and environment. Albert Guerard calls it a tragedy of cross purpose, which is universal and vast. Here we have the brooding heath, less concerned over human beings caught in its spell than human beings are concerned over the plight of ants in an ant hill on its wild surface. Here we have characters, themselves strong personalities, playing upon each other and played upon by this imperturbable environment. Hardy believed literally in the power of imagination over the body and in the magnetic, compelling power of strong mind over the weak. In the return to the native the heath is the ultimate strong mind. 1.3 Introduction of British industry revolution The British Industrial Revolution was a period from the 16th to the 18th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times. The British Industrial Revolution fueled the fire of the world Industrial Revolution, from the United Kingdom subsequently to Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The British Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in British human history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. In the two centuries following 1800, the worlds average per capita income increased over 10-fold, while the worlds population increased over 6-fold. In the words of Nobel Prize winner Robert E. Lucas, Jr.: For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before. Industrialization led to the creation of the factory which largely located in city. The factories needed workers who were mainly from countryside. To attract the workers, the city provided more facilities than countryside, such as convenient transportation, heating, better education. Therefore, it was the factory system that was largely responsible for the rise of the modern city, absorbing large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of employment in the factories. Chapter 2 capitalism conflicts mirrored in the Return of the Native 2.1 rural-urban conflicts 2.1.1 The countryside in the eye of writers and English people Countryside, the access to nature, is the paradise of large number of writers who hold hatred to city and yearn for nature at heart. Against the smoky backdrop of begrimed cities, Romantic and Transcendentalist writers criticize industrialization as an unhealthy divergence from nature. These writers describe both the cities and nature with vivid images. By idealizing nature, authors like William Wordsworth and Henry David Thoreau show a contrast to the cruelties of city-life. In his more direct criticisms, William Blake focuses on specific images, usually describing the absence of nature. Throughout their works, these writers form a cohesive protest to the smoke and the poverty of the industrial revolution using descriptions of nature to elaborate their criticisms. As a Romantic, William Wordsworth seeks truth about society in nature. To him, nature is the perfect teacher of the truest knowledge. His poems reflect this belief by idealizing nature in figurative language. He declares natures calming effects in Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802 when he personifies the sleeping city. To Wordsworth, the beauty of the morning seems to clothe the city like a garment (1). He uses this simile to underscore the purity of nature and its positive effects on the city. He leaves the city in surreal inaction, however, to suggest that when the sun rises above its first splendour, the city will awaken, the air will no longer be smokeless, and nature will retreat to the countryside. Wordsworth equates nature with peace and openly worries that humankind will lose natures gifts. In The World is Too Much with Us, Wordsworth echoes this concern: Little we see in Nature that is ours;/ We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon! This sordid boon, o r filthy gift, separates humankind from nature. In that poem, Wordsworth clearly states that humankind lay[s] waste to its own powers by buying and selling nature, something not rightfully owned by any one. His most powerful metaphor says simply, we are out of tune. Wordsworth paints a distinct image of the city with nature and society without. He implies that the people have consciously rejected and abused nature but verifies that if society embraces nature, it could achieve the peace he sees while on Westminster Bridge. While Wordsworth describes nature in this shining poetry and vivid imagery, William Blake describes city scenes with a keen eye for the absence of nature. (1) As an American, Washington Irving, by his personal travelling to English countryside and own life experience in rural area, wrote Rural Life in England which depicted objectively the Englishs special feelings to countryside. The English, in fact, are strongly gifted with the rural feeling. They possess a quick sensibility to the beauties of nature, and a keen relish for the pleasures and employments of the country.  [1]  The ardently love and attachment of Englishmen for rural life and rural scene forged their characteristics and influenced their outlook to the world. In England, on the contrary, the metropolis is a mere gathering-place, or general rendezvous, of the polite classes, where they devote a small portion of the year to a hurry of gayety and dissipation, and, having indulged this kind of carnival, return again to the apparently more congenial habits of rural life. The various orders of society are therefore diffused over the whole surface of the kingdom, and the more r etired neighborhoods afford specimens of the different ranks.  [2]  By comparison between rural life and urban life of England, Irving represented how the natural emotion of Englishmen unveiled thoroughly, namely, unboundedà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ informalà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ feel at home and checkless. In rural area, therefore, Englishmen can get the real upper class joy of readingà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ musicà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ hunting so and so forth. Living cottages, hamlets or villas of villages near by castles; feeding the livestock in farm-houses; wandering through parks and gardens after super; walking along hedges and green lanes; going to country churches on Sunday; attending wakes and fairs, and other rural festivals; and coping with the people in all their conditions, and all their habits and humors-all of these are their life content. That is the life Englishmen and writers cherished. Thats because rural life reflecting the harmony between man and nature, and man and man. living in countryside i s the best way to get rid of the noisyà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ pollutedà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ fickle and cold metropolis, to breathe the fresh air, to feel the untouched and unpolluted green world, and to keep an tranquil inner. 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¨Ã‚ ²Ã…’à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¦- ¶Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¦Ã‚ Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¦Ã…“â‚ ¬Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‹â€ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ®Ãƒ §Ã‚ «Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¡Ãƒ ©Ã† ’ ¨Ãƒ ©- ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‹Å"à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã…“à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã†â€™Ãƒ §Ã‚  Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã…“à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã… ½Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¦- ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã…’à §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ³Ãƒ §Ã‚ ³Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ®-à ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã…“à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã… ¸Ãƒ ©Ã… ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‹Å"à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ²Ã…’à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã… ¾Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ 2.2 Main conflicts between rural-urban areas 2.2.1 Differences in income, living conditions, education etc. 2.2.2 Attraction of urban area to Urbanian 2.2.3 Attraction of rural area to village people 2.2.4 The conflict of Urbanian leaving city and village people leaving countryside Chapter 3 Two Protagonists characteristics mirror rural-urban conflict 3.1 The Comparative characteristics analysis of Eustacia and Clym, and the reasons 3.1.1 The Characteristics of Eustacia and its reason 3.1.2 The characteristics of Clym and its reason 3.2 Conflicts between Two Protagonists characteristics mirror rural-urban conflict 3.2.1 Eustacia: envying to city life 3.2.2 Clym: longing for rural life grows up in city Conclusion Notes Bibliography